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Baghdad. US forces formally marked the end of their mission in Iraq with a low-key ceremony near Baghdad on Thursday, after nearly nine years of war that began with the invasion to topple Saddam Hussein.

There are a little more than 4,000 US soldiers in Iraq, but they will depart in the coming days, at which point almost no more American troops will remain in a country where there were once nearly 170,000 personnel on more than 500 bases.

The withdrawal ends a war that left more than 100,000 Iraqis and nearly 4,500 American soldiers dead, many more wounded, and 1.75 million Iraqis displaced after the 2003 US-led invasion unleashed brutal sectarian fighting.

“Your dream of an independent and sovereign Iraq is now reality,” US Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said at the symbolic flag-lowering ceremony held near Baghdad’s airport.

“Iraq will be tested in the days ahead — by terrorism and by those who would seek to divide it, by economic and social issues, by the demands of democracy itself,” he said.

“And we undertake this transition today reminding Iraq that it has in the United States a committed friend and partner. We owe it to all of the lives that were sacrificed in this war not to fail.”

He described the US withdrawal as “one of the most complex logistical undertakings in US military history.”

General Lloyd Austin, the commander of United States Forces-Iraq, noted that “eight years, eight months and 26 days ago, as the assistant division commander for maneuver for the 3rd Infantry Division, I gave the order for the lead elements of the division to cross the border” into Iraq.

“I was here when we originally secured this airfield,” he said.

The ceremony was also attended by US ambassador to Iraq James Jeffrey; General Martin Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; General James Mattis, the head of the US Central Command, and about 160 US soldiers.

Iraq was represented by military chief of staff Lieutenant General Babaker Zebari and defense ministry spokesman Major General Mohammed al-Askari.

The ceremony comes a day after hundreds of people in Fallujah marked the impending departure of American forces by burning US flags and shouting slogans in support of the “resistance.”

Fallujah, a city of about half a million people west of Baghdad, remains deeply scarred by two American military offensives in 2004, some of the fiercest for the United States since Vietnam.

Obama’s predecessor George W. Bush ordered the invasion of Iraq in 2003, arguing Saddam Hussein was endangering the world with weapons of mass destruction programs.

Saddam was ousted from power and later executed, but such arms were never found.

In late 2002, Obama said he was against “dumb wars” such as Iraq, and rode anti-war fervor to the White House by promising to bring troops home.

The war was launched in March 2003 with a “shock and awe” campaign followed by eight-plus years in which a US-led coalition sought to rebuild the Iraqi military from the ground up and establish a new political system.

Iraq now has a parliament and regular elections, and is ruled by a Shiite-led government that replaced Saddam’s Sunni regime.

The pullout, enshrined in a 2008 bilateral pact, is the latest stage in the changing US role in Iraq, from 2003-2004 when American officials ran the country to 2009 when the United Nations mandate ended, and to last summer when Washington officially ended combat operations.

Agence France-Presse