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In the language of the nomadic Penan there is no word for forest, it is simply their universe and its destruction is snuffing out the ancient lifestyle of this tribe who are among the world’s last hunter-gatherers.

Wielding spears and dressed in loincloths, one small band who emerged from the Borneo jungles to tell their tale said that encroachment by timber and plantation firms has made their already hard life impossible.

They said they were ready to stop roaming and settle in villages, giving weight to fears that the 300-400 Penan thought to still be nomadic may all be heading this way or even that their way of life is already extinct.

“Our problem is that there is just not enough to eat. There are no wild boars to catch any more,” said Sagong, the headman of the group.

“The companies logged all the teak already and now they are going to clear the land for palm oil plantations,” said the young chief, who brought 15 of his people to a blockade against the timber and plantation companies.

“If that happens, we lose everything. We cannot survive this,” he said. “Yes it is sad to leave this life of roaming. But what can we do? We have to strive for the best. It is our fate to face this challenge.”

A lean and muscular man aged in his 30s, Sagong said their last hope was to join the anti-logging campaign that has escalated recently in Sarawak state, on Malaysia’s half of Borneo, an island shared with Indonesia.

“I came here to man the blockade and safeguard the land,” he said at one of the barriers built of logs and bamboo, among seven constructed in the region in recent months to force the timber trucks to a halt. The Penan of Sarawak, who are estimated to number around 10,000, had mostly abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in villages by the 1970s under the influence of Christian missionaries.

Even the settled Penan still retain a deep connection to the jungle, foraging for rattan, medicinal plants, fruits and sago palm — a starchy staple. Wild game are hunted with finely crafted blowpipes and poison darts.

The Penan have been opposing logging for decades, but the specter of bulldozers coming in to clear-fell what is left of the jungles has proved too much to bear.

Jayl Langub, an anthropologist from the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, said the nomadic Penan were being thrust into the modern world through contact with loggers, satellite TV and the boarding schools where some send their children.

“It would be better if they made their own decision and settled at their own pace, but these changes are coming rapidly and I think it just overwhelms them,” he said.

“However much they want to remain nomadic, the changes to the landscape mean it probably would not be possible for them to continue anyway ... unless they live next to a national park or unless areas are converted into reserves.”

Ian Mackenzie, a linguist who has studied the Penan since 1991, said he believed that few of the fabled group of 300-400 were truly nomadic as most have taken up some farming and established base camps with sturdier timber huts.

“There are various reasons for it but I would say the primary reason is that it’s economically untenable to live as hunter-gatherers when their jungle has been logged three times,” he said.

“The end of this ancient lifestyle is a tragic cultural loss,” he said. “That’s how humans lived a long time ago and this is the last flicker of it gone.”

Mackenzie, one of a handful of foreigners to speak Penan fluently, said that any groups who wanted to settle should have as many generations as they needed to make the transition. “To force them to make it in a few years, it’s almost beyond the capacity of humans to make that leap. It’s as if we were dropped in the middle of the jungle and forced to survive.”

On a sliver of hilltop not far from the blockade, Sagong’s tribe from the district of Ba Marong has constructed three huts, raised from the ground and built of bamboo lashed together with vines.

In a tropical downpour that drenched the canopy and turned the ground to mud, they sat with their children — including a 5-month-old baby who, despite these conditions, were clean, dry and healthy.

As she played with the family’s pet baby monkey, Sagong’s daughter Nili smiled and shook her head when she was asked whether she liked this life in the rainforest.

“I would like to go to school,” she said.

These days, few Penan still sport the traditional bowl-shaped haircut, bamboo hats, beaded necklaces and stretched earlobes that dangle near the shoulders.

In his baseball cap paired with a purple loincloth and bare chest marked with tattoos including Christian images, snakes and a skull and crossbones, Sagong laughed when asked about his appearance.

“I’m a new generation. I don’t dress like that,” he said as he stood next to his father-in-law, who wore a monkey tooth around his neck, bunches of woven bangles and played a bamboo nose flute.

“For us the jungle was our bank, we survived without money. Our life depended on the sago palm and wild animals and for generations we have lived like this,” said the older man, Ngau Anyi.

Sagong said his own band of 27 people wanted help to establish a proper house with access to schools and medical care, while still having the chance to hunt and gather in the forest.

“Our wish is to have our own village, to do farming,” he said. “We see other settlements and that’s what we want.”

The plight of the Penan was made famous in the 1980s by environmental activist Bruno Manser, who waged a crusade to protect their way of life. He vanished in 2000 — many suspect foul play.

Manser lived with a group of nomadic Penan from 1984 to 1990 and learned to speak Penan as well as how to survive in the jungle, while gathering a huge amount of botanical and cultural information.

“We have been accused of being against development, of wanting to keep the Penan in a museum,” said Lukas Straumann, director of the Bruno Manser Fund, which still campaigns for people of the rainforests.

“Maybe there was a little bit of truth to that. But what we hear from the Penan is to participate in modern life, but it has to be development at their own pace.”



Agence France-Presse